{"id":279941,"date":"2020-08-18T10:58:12","date_gmt":"2020-08-18T10:58:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.sanier.pl\/chemia-budowlana-cement-portlandzki\/"},"modified":"2025-04-02T13:09:41","modified_gmt":"2025-04-02T13:09:41","slug":"chemia-budowlana-cement-portlandzki","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.sanier.pl\/sk\/aktualnosci-sk\/chemia-budowlana-cement-portlandzki\/","title":{"rendered":"Portlandsk\u00fd cement - Hist\u00f3ria, zlo\u017eenie, pou\u017eitie a ozna\u010dovanie. (\u010das\u0165 1)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Hist\u00f3ria portlandsk\u00e9ho cementu<\/h1>\n
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Vyn\u00e1lez portlandsk\u00e9ho<\/a> cementu sa pripisuje Angli\u010danovi Josephovi Aspdinovi<\/a>, ktor\u00fd v roku 1824 z\u00edskal patent na jeho v\u00fdrobu. N\u00e1zov poch\u00e1dza od farby z\u00edskan\u00e9ho cementu, ktor\u00e1 pripom\u00ednala vyn\u00e1lezcovi farbu portlandsk\u00e9ho v\u00e1penca<\/a> \u2013 vtedy jedn\u00e9ho z najlep\u0161\u00edch a najdrah\u0161\u00edch stavebn\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov vo Ve\u013ekej Brit\u00e1nii, hoci dnes portlandsk\u00fd cement existuje v r\u00f4znych odtie\u0148och, od tmavosivej po bielu (t\u00e1to posledn\u00e1 odroda je zbaven\u00e1 \u017eelezn\u00fdch zl\u00fa\u010den\u00edn).<\/p>\n

Cement, pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd na v\u00fdrobu bet\u00f3nu, umo\u017enil v\u00fdstavbu impozantn\u00fdch stavieb z obdobia priemyselnej revol\u00facie, mostov, viaduktov a fabr\u00edk. V\u00fdroba tohto materi\u00e1lu bola najprv spusten\u00e1 vo Ve\u013ekej Brit\u00e1nii, nesk\u00f4r v Nemecku a Franc\u00fazsku, a do konca 19. storo\u010dia sa u\u017e pou\u017e\u00edval be\u017ene.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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<\/h2>\n
\"Zastosowanie

Portlandsk\u00fd cementov\u00fd pr\u00e1\u0161ok<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

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Portlandsk\u00fd cement - zlo\u017eenie<\/h2>\n

Z\u00edskava sa zmie\u0161an\u00edm mlet\u00e9ho cementov\u00e9ho klinkeru so sadrou. Cementov\u00fd klinker sa z\u00edskava sp\u00e1len\u00edm zmesi mlet\u00fdch surov\u00edn, ktor\u00e9 obsahuj\u00fa v\u00e1penec a hlinitokremi\u010ditany, pri teplote 1450 \u00b0C. Chemick\u00e9 zlo\u017eenie klinkeru zah\u0155\u0148a: alit, trojv\u00e1penat\u00fd kremi\u010ditan (50\u201365% hmotnosti klinkeru), belit<\/a>, dvojv\u00e1penat\u00fd kremi\u010ditan (pribli\u017ene 20% hmotnosti klinkeru), brownmillerit<\/a>, zl\u00fa\u010deninu oxidu v\u00e1penat\u00e9ho, oxidu hlinit\u00e9ho a oxidu \u017eeleza (III) (pribli\u017ene 10% hmotnosti klinkeru), trojv\u00e1penat\u00fd hlinitan<\/a> (pribli\u017ene 10% hmotnosti klinkeru) a in\u00e9 zl\u00fa\u010deniny hlinitu, v\u00e1pnika a hor\u010d\u00edka.<\/p>\n

Do klinkeru vyroben\u00e9ho z vy\u0161\u0161ie uvedenej zmesi sa prid\u00e1va sadra alebo zmes sadry a anhydritu, regul\u00e1tor \u010dasu tuhnutia a do 5% \u010fal\u0161\u00edch pr\u00edsad (v\u00e1penec, struska, puzolana). \u010eal\u0161\u00edm krokom je mletie celej zmesi v \u0161peci\u00e1lnom cementovom mlyne. Cement portlandsk\u00fd, ako prach, si vy\u017eaduje opatrnos\u0165. Je \u017eierav\u00fd a m\u00f4\u017ee sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 pop\u00e1leniny, pri\u010dom vdychovanie jemn\u00fdch \u010dast\u00edc m\u00f4\u017ee sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 v\u00e1\u017ene p\u013e\u00facne ochorenia (vr\u00e1tane rakoviny) - v minulosti ve\u013emi \u010dasto sa vyskytuj\u00face u zamestnancov cement\u00e1rn\u00ed.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Druhy portlandsk\u00e9ho cementu:<\/h2>\n
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    be\u017en\u00fd (zauj\u00edmavos\u0165: jeho pevnos\u0165 po 7 d\u0148och zodpoved\u00e1 pevnosti, ktor\u00fa dosahuje \u0161peci\u00e1lne r\u00fdchlotuhn\u00faci portlandsk\u00fd cement po 24 hodin\u00e1ch)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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    r\u00fdchlotuhn\u00faci<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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    ve\u013emi r\u00fdchlotuhn\u00faci<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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    ultrapevn\u00fd v skor\u00fdch f\u00e1zach<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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    odoln\u00fd proti s\u00edranom<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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    biely portlandsk\u00fd<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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    puzol\u00e1nov\u00fd portlandsk\u00fd<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Je dobr\u00e9 vedie\u0165, \u017ee ozna\u010dovanie cementu s\u00favis\u00ed s jeho zlo\u017een\u00edm. Ak cement obsahuje pr\u00edsady ako struska alebo popol, ozna\u010duje sa ako viacslo\u017ekov\u00fd a ozna\u010duje sa symbolom CEM II.<\/p>\n

    Okrem portlandsk\u00e9ho cementu zo strusky alebo popola sa tie\u017e spom\u00ednaj\u00fa silik\u00f3nov\u00e9 cementy. Ich protikladem bez pr\u00edsad je samozrejme cement typu CEM I.<\/p>\n

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    Porovnanie vlastnost\u00ed cementov skupiny CEM I a CEM II<\/h3>\n

     <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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    CEM I<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		CEM II<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
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    typick\u00fd portlandsk\u00fd cement<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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    viacslu\u010dkov\u00fd cement<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

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    jeho skor\u00e1 pevnos\u0165 r\u00fdchlo rastie<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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    jeho skor\u00e1 pevnos\u0165 rastie mierne<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

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    teplo hydrat\u00e1cie je vysok\u00e9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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    teplo hydrat\u00e1cie nie je vysok\u00e9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    \u010das tuhnutia je kr\u00e1tky<\/td>\n\n

    \u010das tuhnutia je dlh\u00fd<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

     <\/p>\n

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    Pr\u00edklad cementu dostupn\u00e9ho v na\u0161ej ponuke.<\/h4>\n

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    Ozna\u010dovanie cementu:<\/h2>\n

    Vyr\u00e1ban\u00e9 cementy sa l\u00ed\u0161ia medzi sebou mechanickou pevnos\u0165ou a r\u00fdchlos\u0165ou jej rastu.<\/p>\n

    Na z\u00e1klade toho sa rozli\u0161uj\u00fa tri triedy pevnosti cementu portlandsk\u00e9ho:<\/p>\n

    32,5 (pevnos\u0165 vzoriek po 28 d\u0148och: 32,5\u201352,5 MPa)
    42,5 (pevnos\u0165 vzoriek po 28 d\u0148och: 42,5\u201362,5 MPa)
    52,5 (pevnos\u0165 vzoriek po 28 d\u0148och: >52,5 MPa)<\/p>\n

    \u010c\u00edslo ur\u010duj\u00face triedu cementu informuje o minim\u00e1lnej normovej pevnosti malty na tlak, vyjadrenej v MPa po 28 d\u0148och tvrdnutia. Na z\u00e1klade tempa rastu pevnosti sa cementy delia nasledovne:<\/p>\n

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    • s norm\u00e1lnou skorou pevnos\u0165ou \u2013 ozna\u010denie N<\/li>\n
    • s vysokou skorou pevnos\u0165ou \u2013 ozna\u010denie R<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

       <\/p>\n

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       <\/p>\n

      Pou\u017eitie:<\/h3>\n

      Portlandsk\u00fd cement:<\/p>\n

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      • CEM I 42.5R \u2013 povrchy ciest, n\u00e1mest\u00ed, bet\u00f3nov\u00e9 prefabrik\u00e1ty<\/li>\n
      • CEM I 52.5R \u2013 tovarov\u00fd bet\u00f3n, ve\u013eko- a drobnoprvkov\u00e9 prefabrik\u00e1ty, predp\u00e4t\u00e9 kon\u0161trukcie, \u0161peci\u00e1lne mur\u00e1rske malty<\/li>\n
      • biely \u010dist\u00fd \u2013 zmesi na architektonick\u00fd bet\u00f3n, prefabrik\u00e1ty<\/li>\n
      • popolov\u00fd CEM II\/B-V 32.5R \u2013 poter, podlahy, chud\u00fd bet\u00f3n, drobnoprvkov\u00e9 prefabrik\u00e1ty<\/li>\n
      • \u0161rotov\u00fd CEM II\/B-S 42.5R \u2013 stabiliz\u00e1cia p\u00f4dy, z\u00e1klady, malty<\/li>\n
      • viaczlo\u017ekov\u00fd CEM II\/B-M (V-LL) 32.5R \u2013 oby\u010dajn\u00fd alebo cementov\u00fd bet\u00f3n, malty, prefabrik\u00e1ty<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

         <\/p>\n

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         <\/p>\n

         <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        Hist\u00f3ria portlandsk\u00e9ho cementu Vyn\u00e1lez portlandsk\u00e9ho cementu sa pripisuje Angli\u010danovi Josephovi Aspdinovi, ktor\u00fd v roku 1824 z\u00edskal patent na jeho v\u00fdrobu. N\u00e1zov poch\u00e1dza od farby z\u00edskan\u00e9ho cementu, [\u2026]<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":269209,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1115,1121],"tags":[1127,1128],"class_list":["post-279941","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-aktualnosci-sk","category-porady-sk","tag-cement-sk","tag-jaki-cement-sk"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sanier.pl\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/279941","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sanier.pl\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sanier.pl\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sanier.pl\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sanier.pl\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=279941"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.sanier.pl\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/279941\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sanier.pl\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/269209"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sanier.pl\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=279941"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sanier.pl\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=279941"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sanier.pl\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=279941"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}